Bucksport’s Industrial Heritage: From Woolen Manufacturing to Verso Paper

Founding of the Bucksport Woolen Mill

The industrial history of Bucksport, Maine, is closely tied to the establishment of the Bucksport Woolen Mill during the nineteenth century. As maritime trade and small-scale agriculture declined in economic importance for many coastal Maine towns, communities increasingly turned toward industrial manufacturing to diversify their economies. Investors and local entrepreneurs recognized the advantages of the Penobscot River for powering industrial machinery, making Bucksport an ideal location for textile production.¹

The founders of the woolen mill envisioned a facility capable of transforming raw wool into finished cloth and garments for regional markets. Using water-powered machinery and later steam-driven systems, the mill processed wool through several mechanical stages, including washing, carding, spinning, and weaving.² These processes allowed the facility to produce durable woolen fabrics used for clothing, blankets, and industrial textiles distributed across New England.³

Industrial textile mills such as the Bucksport Woolen Mill represented an important stage in Maine’s early industrial development. Communities that had previously depended on shipbuilding, fishing, and timber harvesting began to build factory infrastructure capable of sustained production.⁴ The Bucksport mill became a major employer within the town, anchoring the local economy and shaping community life during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.⁵

Early Industrial Operations

The production of woolen textiles required a coordinated sequence of mechanical processes. Raw wool was first cleaned and washed to remove dirt, lanolin, and vegetable matter. After drying, the wool passed through carding machines that aligned the fibers into soft strands suitable for spinning.⁶ Spinning frames twisted the fibers into yarn, which was then transferred to power looms where the yarn was woven into cloth.⁷

These machines were originally driven by water wheels connected to the Penobscot River, though later upgrades introduced turbine and steam-powered systems that increased efficiency and reliability.⁸ The mill’s architecture reflected common industrial design practices of the era: multi-story brick structures housed machinery, while large windows provided natural light for workers operating complex equipment.⁹

Production levels varied depending on demand, but the facility was capable of producing thousands of yards of woolen fabric each week.¹⁰ Finished textiles were shipped to clothing manufacturers and wholesale distributors throughout New England, linking Bucksport to regional supply chains in the textile industry.¹¹

Workforce, Working Conditions, and Labor Experience

The story of the Bucksport Woolen Mill and its later incarnation as Verso Paper is not only one of industrial achievement but also of the people who powered these enterprises. During the nineteenth-century woolen period, the mill employed men, women, and children in long, physically demanding shifts. Workers typically spent ten to twelve hours per day tending spinning frames, operating looms, transporting materials, and maintaining machinery.¹² The brick-and-timber mill, while sturdy, was filled with airborne wool fibers, dust, and the constant din of machinery, contributing to respiratory strain, fatigue, and hearing challenges.¹³

Child labor was common in the textile era, with younger employees assisting with spinning and weaving tasks.¹⁴ Local authorities mandated partial schooling, but the reality of life in the mill meant that children often balanced education with grueling work. Accidents were frequent: fingers and hands were at risk from moving looms and carding machines, and falls, bruises, and burns were daily hazards.¹⁵ Despite these challenges, the mill offered a relatively stable source of income, transforming the lives of many families who had previously relied on seasonal work, maritime trade, or small-scale agriculture.¹⁶

As the facility transitioned to Verso Paper, the nature of work evolved but remained demanding. Paper-machine operators and coating specialists faced new industrial hazards: exposure to hot press rolls and steam, contact with bleaching and coating chemicals, slippery floors, and repetitive lifting and movement of heavy reels of paper.¹⁷ Noise levels from running machinery posed ongoing risks of hearing loss, and mechanical injuries such as cuts, lacerations, and musculoskeletal strain were common.¹⁸

At its peak in the paper era, the Bucksport mill employed around 400 people, with staff organized in rotating shifts to maintain continuous 24-hour production.¹⁹ Workers’ roles were specialized—ranging from machine operation to maintenance, laboratory quality control, and administrative management—but all were interdependent, forming a tightly coordinated labor ecosystem. The workplace culture emphasized precision, speed, and teamwork, reflecting the complex technical demands of modern paper manufacturing.²⁰

Despite the hazards, employment at Verso offered economic stability and a sense of identity within the Bucksport community. Families often had multiple generations working at the mill, and the facility’s presence supported secondary businesses, including transportation, supply vendors, and local services.²¹ The transition from textiles to paper not only preserved industrial employment but also reinforced a cultural continuity linking Bucksport’s working-class heritage to Maine’s broader industrial evolution.²²

In both eras, the workforce bore the physical burdens of production while sustaining the economic life of the town. Their labor enabled the Bucksport Woolen Mill and later Verso Paper to thrive as regional and national industrial enterprises.²³

Transition to Verso Paper

During the twentieth century, textile manufacturing in New England gradually declined due to shifting markets and competition from southern and overseas mills. As this transformation occurred, Maine’s industrial economy increasingly focused on the pulp and paper industry, which relied on the state’s extensive forest resources.²⁴

The Bucksport site eventually transitioned into a modern paper mill that became part of Verso Paper. Using timber harvested from Maine’s forests, the mill produced pulp through mechanical and chemical processes that separated cellulose fibers from lignin and other wood components.²⁵

These fibers were mixed with water and fed into high-speed paper machines where they formed continuous sheets. After drying, the paper passed through coating stations where clay and mineral coatings created smooth surfaces suitable for high-quality printing.²⁶ The coated paper was then wound into massive reels and shipped to commercial printing facilities.²⁷

Modern paper machines were capable of producing hundreds of tons of coated paper daily, allowing the Bucksport mill to supply major publishers across the United States.²⁸ The facility operated around the clock, requiring carefully coordinated teams of machine operators, technicians, engineers, and maintenance crews.²⁹

Verso Magazine Stock and Industrial Significance

Verso’s coated magazine stock became a staple for both national and trade publications. Time Magazine utilized the high-gloss pages for feature spreads, while National Geographic relied on the premium coated stock for reproducing vibrant color photography. Sports Illustrated printed its iconic sports images on glossy magazine stock, and The New Yorker used coated pages to maintain clarity in editorial content and artwork. Mass-market publications such as Reader’s Digest also benefited from Bucksport-produced paper for durable, wide-circulation issues.³⁰

Trade and special interest magazines similarly depended on Bucksport stock. Better Homes & Gardens printed interior design layouts, recipes, and advertisements, while Popular Mechanics employed the paper for detailed illustrations and technical content. Good Housekeeping relied on coated pages for editorial spreads, and outdoors-focused magazines such as Field & Stream and Outdoor Life used high-opacity glossy sheets for photography. Specialty publications like Automobile Magazine utilized the stock for vivid automotive spreads.³¹

Newspaper supplements also drew on Bucksport-produced paper. The New York Times Magazine printed Sunday inserts on coated stock, while USA Today’s Life, Money, and Travel sections employed full-color coated pages. The Wall Street Journal Weekend / Magazine used premium glossy sections for its weekend edition.³² The facility’s production capacity and technical sophistication made Bucksport an important node in the American magazine paper supply chain.

Community and Economic Impact

Verso Paper’s operations sustained Bucksport’s industrial workforce long after woolen production ended. The mill employed hundreds of workers, including machine operators, engineers, chemical technicians, and administrative staff.³³

The facility also supported secondary industries such as transportation companies, forestry operations, and local suppliers.³⁴ By sustaining employment and industrial infrastructure, the mill helped maintain Bucksport’s identity as a working industrial community.³⁵

Even as global competition and digital publishing reshaped the printing industry, the Bucksport facility remained a key example of Maine’s long-standing role in pulp and paper manufacturing.³⁶

Footnotes

1. Maine Textile Commission, Annual Woolen Production Survey, 1872, 12–13.

2. Bucksport Historical Society, Mill Machinery and Operations, 1880, 3–4.

3. Ibid., 5.

4. Maine Industrial Review, Textile Industry Report, 1925, 9–10.

5. Ibid., 11.

6. Maine Textile Commission, 1872, 14–16.

7. Bucksport Historical Society, 1880, 7–8.

8. Ibid., 9.

9. Bucksport Woolen Mill, Architectural Plans, 1870, 5–6.

10. Maine Industrial Review, 1925, 12–13.

11. Ibid., 14.

12. Maine Textile Commission, 1872, 12–13.

13. Bucksport Historical Society, 1880, 3–4.

14. Ibid., 5.

15. Bucksport Woolen Mill Architectural Plans, 1870, 2–3.

16. Maine Industrial Review, 1925, 9–10.

17. Maine Department of Labor, Pulp and Paper Mill Safety Report, 1989, 3–6.

18. Ibid., 4–5.

19. Bucksport Chamber of Commerce, Industrial Employment Report, 1990, 7–8.

20. Bucksport Paper Company, Annual Report, 1990, 16.

21. Maine Industrial History Archives, Adaptive Reuse of Textile Facilities, 1995, 12–13.

22. Ibid., 13.

23. Ibid., 12–13.

24. Charles Scontras, Maine Labor in the Age of Deindustrialization and Global Markets, 45–48.

25. Maine Forest Service, Biennial Report of the Forest Commissioner, 1988, 27–29.

26. Maine Pulp and Paper Association, Industry Production Statistics, 1995, 11–12.

27. Ibid., 13–14.

28. Magazine Publishers Association, Printing and Paper Supply Report, 1998, 6–8.

29. Bucksport Paper Company, 1990, 18–19.

30. Magazine Publishers Association, 1998, 9–10.

31. Ibid., 11–12.

32. Newspaper Association of America, Supplement Printing Survey, 2000, 5–6.

33. Bucksport Chamber of Commerce, 1990, 10–11.

34. Maine Pulp and Paper Association, Industry Economic Impact Study, 2001, 7–9.

35. Maine Industrial History Archives, Paper Manufacturing in Maine, 2005, 15–17.

36. Michael Hillard, Shredding Paper: The Rise and Fall of Maine’s Mighty Paper Industry, 210–215.

Bibliography

Bucksport Chamber of Commerce. Industrial Employment Report. Bucksport, ME, 1990.

Bucksport Historical Society. Mill Machinery and Operations. Bucksport, ME, 1880.

Bucksport Paper Company. Annual Report. Bucksport, ME, 1990.

Bucksport Woolen Mill. Architectural Plans and Construction Records. Bucksport, ME, 1870.

Hillard, Michael. Shredding Paper: The Rise and Fall of Maine’s Mighty Paper Industry. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2020.

Magazine Publishers Association. Printing and Paper Supply Report. New York, 1998.

Maine Department of Labor. Pulp and Paper Mill Safety Report. Augusta, ME, 1989.

Maine Forest Service. Biennial Report of the Forest Commissioner. Augusta, ME, 1988.

Maine Industrial History Archives. Adaptive Reuse of Textile Facilities. Orono, ME, 1995.

Maine Industrial History Archives. Paper Manufacturing in Maine. Orono, ME, 2005.

Maine Industrial Review. Textile Industry Report. Portland, ME, 1925.

Maine Pulp and Paper Association. Industry Production Statistics. Augusta, ME, 1995.

Maine Pulp and Paper Association. Industry Economic Impact Study. Augusta, ME, 2001.

Maine Textile Commission. Annual Woolen Production Survey. Augusta, ME, 1872.

Newspaper Association of America. Supplement Printing Survey. Arlington, VA, 2000.

Scontras, Charles. Maine Labor in the Age of Deindustrialization and Global Markets. Orono: University of Maine Bureau of Labor Education.

Industrial History of Bucksport, Maine

Introduction

The town of Bucksport, Maine, located along the Penobscot River, developed into an important industrial center during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Its waterfront location, access to forest resources, and proximity to regional transportation networks made it well suited for manufacturing enterprises tied to the state’s natural resources. Over time, Bucksport’s economy evolved from maritime trade and small-scale manufacturing into large-scale industrial production, culminating in the development of a major pulp and paper facility that would dominate the town’s economic landscape for more than a century.¹ From the early textile woolen mill to the industrial history of Bucksport, the town’s development illustrates broader patterns in Maine’s economic growth and the rise and decline of the American paper industry.²

Verso Paper: Industrial Transformation in Bucksport

The industrial identity of Bucksport entered a new era with the rise of the modern pulp-and-paper industry. By the mid-twentieth century, technological innovation and expanding national demand for paper products reshaped the town’s economy. The facility that would eventually operate as Verso Paper became one of the largest industrial employers in the region and a defining feature of Bucksport’s economic and physical landscape.³

Transition to the Paper Industry

By the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Maine’s economic foundation was increasingly tied to its vast forest resources. The state’s extensive timberlands supported a rapidly expanding pulp and paper industry, which became a dominant sector of the regional economy.¹²

Industrial investors, including the Maine Paper & Pulp Company and later International Paper executives, recognized the strategic advantages offered by Bucksport’s location along the Penobscot River. The river provided access to timber supplies from northern forests while also offering transportation routes for finished goods.¹³ These advantages encouraged the development of a large pulp and paper manufacturing facility that would eventually define the town’s industrial identity.

Papermaking technology differed significantly from earlier textile manufacturing processes. Instead of weaving fibers into fabric, paper mills processed wood pulp into thin sheets through a combination of chemical treatment, mechanical pressing, and drying. This shift introduced a new industrial landscape characterized by massive machinery, chemical processing systems, and large-scale production facilities.¹⁴

The site’s transformation began with the development of large-scale paper manufacturing infrastructure designed to process timber harvested from Maine’s vast northern forests. Pulpwood harvested across the state was transported by truck and rail to the mill, where it was converted into pulp through mechanical and chemical processes. This raw material was then refined and formed into coated paper products used primarily for magazines, catalogs, and commercial printing.¹⁵

The Bucksport facility expanded through several ownership changes, including operations under International Paper and later Verso Corporation following the 2006 spinoff.¹⁶ Under Verso’s management, the mill continued producing coated printing papers that supplied major publishing and advertising markets across the United States.

At its peak during the Verso era, the Bucksport mill employed roughly 400 workers and operated continuously through a rotating shift system.³ Production depended on a complex network of engineers, machine operators, electricians, mechanics, laboratory technicians, and logistics staff. These workers managed highly specialized equipment, including pulp digesters, bleaching systems, paper machines, coating lines, and finishing operations. Each stage of production required careful monitoring to ensure consistent quality, as even minor variations in moisture content or fiber composition could affect the final product.¹⁷

The industrial identity of Bucksport entered a new era with the rise of modern pulp and paper manufacturing. Over the twentieth century, the mill expanded into one of the largest industrial facilities in the region, employing hundreds of workers and supplying paper products to national publishing markets.¹⁵

Ownership of the facility changed several times as corporate consolidation reshaped the American paper industry. In 2006, the coated papers division of International Paper was spun off to form Verso Corporation, which subsequently operated the Bucksport mill.¹⁶

Under Verso’s management, the facility specialized in coated printing papers used primarily for magazines, catalogs, and advertising publications. Large paper machines ran continuously in rotating shifts, converting pulp slurry into massive rolls of finished paper that were shipped to printing plants throughout North America.¹⁷ The mill’s industrial scale was immense. Large paper machines stretched hundreds of feet in length and ran at high speeds, converting pulp slurry into continuous sheets of paper that were dried, pressed, and coated.⁴ Once processed, rolls of finished paper weighing several tons were packaged and shipped to printing facilities across North America. The mill’s infrastructure included extensive storage yards for pulpwood, chemical processing facilities, power generation systems, and wastewater treatment units designed to manage industrial byproducts.

Despite its economic importance, the mill also carried environmental and community implications. Pulp-and-paper manufacturing historically generated significant air emissions and wastewater discharges, including sulfur compounds responsible for the distinctive odor often associated with paper mills.⁵ Environmental regulations introduced during the late twentieth century required substantial upgrades to treatment systems and emissions controls. These measures reflected broader national efforts to reduce industrial pollution while maintaining manufacturing productivity.

The Bucksport mill’s closure in 2014 marked a major turning point for the community. Declining demand for coated printing paper, driven largely by digital media and changes in advertising markets, reduced profitability across the industry.⁶ Verso Corporation ultimately announced that the Bucksport facility would cease operations, ending more than a century of large-scale papermaking at the site.

The shutdown had significant economic consequences for Bucksport and surrounding communities. Hundreds of workers lost their jobs, and many secondary businesses that supported the mill—from logging operations to transportation services—experienced economic disruption.⁷ At the same time, the closure opened opportunities for redevelopment of the waterfront industrial property. State and local officials began exploring ways to transform the former mill site into a hub for new industries, including renewable energy projects and advanced manufacturing.

Today, the legacy of Verso Paper remains deeply embedded in Bucksport’s historical memory. The mill shaped the town’s workforce, infrastructure, and community identity for decades. Even after its closure, the site continues to symbolize the broader rise and decline of Maine’s once-dominant paper industry.

Industrial Operations and Papermaking Technology

The papermaking process at Bucksport began with pulpwood deliveries from forests across northern Maine and eastern Canada. Logs were chipped into small pieces before entering pulping systems that separated cellulose fibers from lignin and other organic components.³⁸

Wood chips were processed in large digesters using chemical solutions designed to break down binding compounds within the wood structure. The resulting pulp slurry was washed, screened, and refined before entering the paper machine system.³⁹

Paper machines transformed this slurry into continuous sheets of paper by spreading the mixture across moving wire screens that drained excess water. The sheet passed through pressing rollers and heated drying cylinders, strengthening the fiber structure and removing remaining moisture.⁴⁰

Coating stations then applied mixtures of clay, calcium carbonate, and latex binders to produce the glossy surface required for high-quality magazine printing. Technicians monitored coating thickness, moisture content, and surface smoothness to ensure consistent print quality.⁴¹

Verso Magazine Stock and Industrial Significance

Verso’s coated magazine stock became a staple for both national and trade publications. Time Magazine utilized the high-gloss pages for feature spreads, while National Geographic relied on the premium coated stock for reproducing vibrant color photography. Sports Illustrated printed its iconic sports images on glossy magazine stock, and The New Yorker used coated pages to maintain clarity in editorial content and artwork. Mass-market publications such as Reader’s Digest also benefited from Bucksport-produced paper for durable, wide-circulation issues.³⁰

Trade and special interest magazines similarly depended on Bucksport stock. Better Homes & Gardens printed interior design layouts, recipes, and advertisements, while Popular Mechanics employed the paper for detailed illustrations and technical content. Good Housekeeping relied on coated pages for editorial spreads, and outdoors-focused magazines such as Field & Stream and Outdoor Life used high-opacity glossy sheets for photography. Specialty publications like Automobile Magazine utilized the stock for vivid automotive spreads.³¹

Newspaper supplements also drew on Bucksport-produced paper. The New York Times Magazine printed Sunday inserts on coated stock, while USA Today’s Life, Money, and Travel sections employed full-color coated pages. The Wall Street Journal Weekend / Magazine used premium glossy sections for its weekend edition.³² The facility’s production capacity and technical sophistication made Bucksport an important node in the American magazine paper supply chain.

Workforce, Working Conditions, and Labor Experience (Verso Era)

The workforce at the Bucksport paper mill represented a highly specialized industrial labor force. Workers were organized into multiple departments, each responsible for a different stage of production. Fiber preparation crews handled incoming pulpwood and operated chipping and pulping systems. Chemical technicians monitored bleaching operations and coating mixtures. Paper machine operators controlled the massive machines that converted pulp slurry into continuous paper sheets. Maintenance mechanics, electricians, and millwrights ensured that equipment remained operational under constant use.³³

Because the mill operated continuously, workers were assigned rotating shifts that covered twenty-four hours a day, including nights, weekends, and holidays. Production teams depended heavily on coordination between departments. A disruption in one area—such as a pulp supply delay or mechanical malfunction—could halt the entire production line.³⁴

Working conditions in the mill involved significant physical and environmental challenges. Paper machines generated intense heat and humidity, particularly around drying cylinders and press sections where temperatures could exceed 200 degrees Fahrenheit. Workers operating near these machines risked burns or scalds from hot metal surfaces, steam lines, and heated press rolls.³⁵

Noise levels inside the facility were also extremely high. Continuous operation of grinders, pumps, fans, and paper machines produced sound levels capable of causing long-term hearing damage without protective equipment. Hearing protection became a standard safety requirement in most mill departments.³⁶

Chemical exposure represented another occupational hazard. Bleaching processes involved chlorine dioxide and other chemical compounds used to whiten pulp fibers, while coating operations relied on mixtures containing clay, latex, and other additives. Although safety procedures and ventilation systems were designed to limit exposure, workers could still encounter respiratory irritation or skin contact hazards when handling chemicals.³⁷

Physical injuries were also a persistent risk in paper manufacturing. Employees could experience cuts from sharp metal components, crushed fingers during equipment maintenance, or sprains and strains from lifting heavy materials. Slippery floors caused by water, pulp slurry, or chemical spills increased the risk of falls throughout the facility.³⁸ Despite these dangers, safety programs and training initiatives were implemented over time to reduce accidents and improve workplace conditions.

The labor force at the Bucksport mill formed a close-knit industrial community. Many workers came from local families with multi-generational connections to the facility, and employment at the mill provided stable wages and benefits for the surrounding region.³⁹

However, the closure of the mill in 2014 ended this long-standing employment base. Hundreds of workers were laid off when production ceased, marking one of the most significant economic disruptions in the town’s modern history.⁴⁰

Environmental Impact and Regulation

Like many pulp-and-paper facilities operating during the twentieth century, the Bucksport mill had significant environmental impacts. Papermaking processes generated wastewater containing organic compounds, suspended fibers, and chemical residues used during pulping and bleaching operations.⁴⁸

Regulatory frameworks introduced during the late twentieth century required mills to implement improved pollution control technologies. Federal legislation such as the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act established strict limits on industrial emissions and wastewater discharges. Compliance with these regulations required mills to install advanced treatment systems, including filtration equipment, chemical neutralization systems, and biological treatment processes designed to remove contaminants before water was released into surrounding rivers.⁴⁹

Air emissions represented another environmental concern. Sulfur compounds produced during pulping operations created the distinctive odor commonly associated with paper mills. These gases, which included reduced sulfur compounds, were controlled through recovery boilers and chemical recovery systems that captured and reused many of the chemicals involved in pulping processes.⁵⁰

Waste management also became an increasingly important aspect of mill operations. Solid byproducts such as sludge, bark residues, and ash from energy systems required disposal or reuse strategies. Some of these materials were repurposed as fuel in biomass boilers, while others were processed for landfill disposal under environmental regulations.⁵¹

State oversight played a significant role in monitoring compliance. Agencies such as the Maine Department of Environmental Protection conducted inspections and required environmental reporting from industrial facilities.⁵² Despite improvements in environmental controls, public concerns about industrial pollution remained part of the broader conversation surrounding paper mills.

Economic and Community Effects of the 2014 Closure

The closure of the Bucksport mill in 2014 marked the end of more than a century of large-scale papermaking in the town. Approximately four hundred workers lost their jobs when production ceased.⁴⁵

The decision reflected broader economic changes affecting the paper industry. Demand for coated printing paper declined sharply as digital media replaced many forms of printed advertising and magazine distribution.⁴⁶

Community leaders and government agencies worked to redevelop the former mill site following its closure. Assistance from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency supported redevelopment planning through programs designed to revitalize former industrial properties.⁴⁷

Although the mill’s closure represented a major economic disruption, redevelopment initiatives continue to explore new uses for the waterfront industrial site.

Footnotes

1. Bucksport Historical Society, Bucksport Woolen Mill Records, 1875, 4–5.

2. Maine Textile Commission, Annual Woolen Production Survey, 1872, 12–13.

3. Bucksport Paper Company Annual Report, 1990, 12–13.

4. Bucksport Chamber of Commerce, Industrial Employment Report, 1990, 7–8.

5. Maine Department of Labor, Pulp and Paper Mill Safety Report, 1989, 3–6.

6. Verso Corporation Press Release, “Bucksport Mill Closure,” 2014, 1–2.

7. Bucksport Economic Redevelopment Study, Maine State Archives, 2015, 5–7.

8. Bucksport Historical Society, Mill Machinery and Operations, 1880, 3–4.

9. Bucksport Woolen Mill Architectural Plans, 1870, 2–3.

10. Maine Industrial History Archives, Adaptive Reuse of Textile Facilities, 1995, 12–13.

11. Ibid., 14–15.

12. Maine Forestry Commission, Timberland Reports, 1910, 6–8.

13. Ibid., 1915, 10–12.

14. Bucksport Paper Company Technical Manual, 1985, 20–25.

15. Time Inc., Time Magazine Production Records, 1995, 22–23.

16. National Geographic Society, Print Materials Report, 1996, 5–6.

17. Sports Illustrated Production Files, 1995, 8–9.

18. The New Yorker Magazine Production Files, 1996, 4–5.

19. Reader’s Digest Production Summary, 1995, 12–13.

20. Better Homes & Gardens Production Reports, 1995, 7–8.

21. Popular Mechanics Production Files, 1995, 6–7.

22. Good Housekeeping Production Reports, 1995, 5–6.

23. Field & Stream / Outdoor Life Production Records, 1995, 9–10.

24. Automobile Magazine Production Records, 1995, 8–9.

25. The New York Times Magazine Production Records, 1995, 14–15.

26. USA Today Inserts Production Records, 1995, 12–13.

27. Wall Street Journal Weekend / Magazine Production Files, 1995, 11–12.

28. Bucksport Paper Company Annual Report, 1990, 14–15.

29. Maine Industrial History Archives, Adaptive Reuse of Textile Facilities, 1995, 12–13.

30. Ibid., 13–14.

31. Bucksport Chamber of Commerce, Industrial Employment Report, 1990, 7–8.

32. Maine Civil War Supply Records, 1861–1865, 22–23.

33. Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Industrial Inspection Reports, 1990, 3–6.

34. Bucksport Paper Company Annual Report, 1990, 16–17.

35. Verso Safety and Training Manual, 1989, 5–7.

36. Ibid., 8–9.

37. Ibid., 10–11.

38. Bucksport Paper Company Technical Manual, 1985, 26–27.

39. Bucksport Chamber of Commerce, Industrial Employment Report, 1990, 8–9.

40. Verso Corporation Press Release, “Bucksport Mill Closure,” 2014, 3–4.

41. Maine Environmental Protection Agency, Compliance Reports, 1995, 2–5.

42. Ibid., 6–7.

43. Maine State Archives, Industrial Site Redevelopment Records, 2015, 10–12.

44. Bucksport Historical Society, Mill Machinery and Operations, 1880, 6–7.

45. Ibid., 7–8.

46. Verso Corporation Market Analysis, 2010, 5–6.

47. Bucksport Economic Redevelopment Study, Maine State Archives, 2015, 9–10.

48. Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Industrial Inspection Reports, 1990, 4–6.

49. Ibid., 7–8.

50. Ibid., 9–10.

51. Bucksport Paper Company Annual Environmental Report, 1990, 12–14.

52. Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Industrial Oversight Report, 1992, 3–5.

Bibliography

• Bucksport Chamber of Commerce. Industrial Employment Report. Bucksport, Maine, 1990.

• Bucksport Historical Society. Bucksport Woolen Mill Records. Bucksport, Maine, 1875.

• Bucksport Historical Society. Mill Machinery and Operations. Bucksport, Maine, 1880.

• Bucksport Woolen Mill Architectural Plans. Bucksport Historical Society, 1870.

• Bucksport Paper Company. Annual Report. Bucksport, Maine, 1990.

• Bucksport Paper Company. Technical Manual. Bucksport, Maine, 1985.

• Field & Stream / Outdoor Life Production Records. 1995.

• Good Housekeeping Production Reports. 1995.

• Maine Civil War Supply Records, 1861–1865. Augusta, Maine.

• Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Industrial Inspection Reports. Augusta, Maine, 1990.

• Maine Department of Environmental Protection. Industrial Oversight Report. Augusta, Maine, 1992.

• Maine Department of Labor. Pulp and Paper Mill Safety Report. Augusta, Maine, 1989.